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@inproceedings{won2017protest,
	author = {Won, Donghyeon and Steinert-Threlkeld, Zachary C and Joo, Jungseock},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 25th ACM international conference on Multimedia},
	date-added = {2025-12-10 09:19:46 -0800},
	date-modified = {2025-12-10 09:19:46 -0800},
	pages = {786--794},
	title = {Protest activity detection and perceived violence estimation from social media images},
	year = {2017}}

@article{westwood2025potential,
	author = {Westwood, Sean J},
	date-added = {2025-12-10 08:59:27 -0800},
	date-modified = {2025-12-10 08:59:53 -0800},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	number = {47},
	pages = {e2518075122},
	title = {The potential existential threat of large language models to online survey research},
	volume = {122},
	year = {2025}}

@article{bernhard2020more,
	author = {Bernhard, Rachel and Freeder, Sean},
	date-added = {2025-10-20 19:04:49 -0700},
	date-modified = {2025-10-20 19:05:15 -0700},
	journal = {Political Behavior},
	number = {2},
	pages = {603--623},
	title = {The More You Know: Voter Heuristics and the Information Search},
	volume = {42},
	year = {2020}}

@unpublished{lopez2018why,
	author = {Lopez, Jesse and Hillygus, D. Sunshine},
	date-added = {2025-10-19 08:39:53 -0700},
	date-modified = {2025-10-19 08:39:53 -0700},
	doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3131087},
	month = mar,
	note = {SSRN Working Paper},
	title = {Why So Serious?: Survey Trolls and Misinformation},
	url = {https://ssrn.com/abstract=3131087},
	year = {2018},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://ssrn.com/abstract=3131087},
	bdsk-url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3131087}}

@unpublished{jann2024political,
	author = {Jann, Ole and Schottm{\"u}ller, Christoph},
	date-added = {2025-10-18 11:34:23 -0700},
	date-modified = {2025-10-18 11:34:53 -0700},
	note = {Working paper, version dated March 18, 2024},
	title = {Political Debate on Social Media: Theory and Evidence},
	url = {https://schottmueller.github.io/papers/twitter/twitter.pdf},
	urldate = {2025-10-18},
	year = {2024},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://schottmueller.github.io/papers/twitter/twitter.pdf}}

@article{patterson1998narrative,
	author = {Patterson, Molly and Monroe, Kristen Renwick},
	date-added = {2025-10-07 14:48:41 -0700},
	date-modified = {2025-10-07 14:48:41 -0700},
	journal = {Annual Review of Political Science},
	pages = {315--331},
	title = {Narrative in Political Science},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1998}}

@misc{thompson2010clive,
	author = {Clive Thompson},
	date-added = {2025-09-28 16:48:18 -0700},
	date-modified = {2025-09-28 16:49:26 -0700},
	howpublished = {\emph{Wired}},
	note = {Accessed: 2025-09-28},
	title = {Clive Thompson on the Death of the Phone Call},
	url = {https://www.wired.com/2010/07/st-thompson-deadphone/},
	year = {2010},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://www.wired.com/2010/07/st-thompson-deadphone/}}

@article{paluck2009reducing,
	author = {Paluck, Elizabeth Levy},
	date-added = {2025-07-14 21:36:35 -0600},
	date-modified = {2025-07-14 21:36:45 -0600},
	journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
	number = {3},
	pages = {574},
	title = {Reducing Intergroup Prejudice and Conflict Using the Media: A Field Experiment in Rwanda},
	volume = {96},
	year = {2009}}

@article{sniderman1986symbolic,
	author = {Sniderman, Paul M and Tetlock, Philip E},
	date-added = {2025-07-14 17:30:06 -0600},
	date-modified = {2025-07-14 17:30:22 -0600},
	journal = {Journal of Social Issues},
	number = {2},
	pages = {129--150},
	title = {Symbolic Racism: Problems of Motive Attribution in Political Analysis},
	volume = {42},
	year = {1986},
	bdsk-file-1 = {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}}

@article{henry2005over,
	author = {Henry, PJ and Sears, DO},
	date-added = {2025-07-14 17:28:09 -0600},
	date-modified = {2025-07-14 17:28:48 -0600},
	journal = {Advances in Experimental Social Psychology},
	pages = {95--150},
	title = {Over Thirty Years Later: A Contemporary Look at Symbolic Racism},
	volume = {37},
	year = {2005}}

@article{horwitz2017using,
	abstract = { A key goal of survey interviews is to collect the highest quality data possible from respondents. In practice, however, it can be difficult to achieve this goal because respondents do not always understand particular survey questions as designers intended. Researchers have used a variety of indicators to identify and predict respondent confusion and difficulty in answering questions in different modes. In web surveys, it is possible to automatically detect response difficulty in real time. The research to date has focused on response latencies---mostly long response times---as evidence of difficulty. In addition to response latencies, however, web surveys offer rich behavioral data, which may predict respondent confusion and difficulty more directly than response times. This article focuses on one such behavior, mouse movements. We examine a set of mouse movements participants engage in when answering questions about experimental scenarios whose difficulty has been manipulated (as confirmed by respondent ratings). This approach makes it possible to determine which movements are general movements, demonstrating how a person interacts with a computer, and which movements are related to response difficulty. We find not only that certain mouse movements are highly predictive of difficulty but also that such movements add considerable value when used in conjunction with response times. The approach developed in this article may be useful in delivering help to confused respondents in real time and as a diagnostic tool to identify confusing questions. },
	author = {Rachel Horwitz and Frauke Kreuter and Frederick Conrad},
	date-added = {2025-07-11 10:44:28 -0600},
	date-modified = {2025-07-11 10:44:50 -0600},
	journal = {Social Science Computer Review},
	number = {3},
	pages = {388-405},
	title = {Using Mouse Movements to Predict Web Survey Response Difficulty},
	volume = {35},
	year = {2017},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439315626360}}

@misc{anes2016full,
	author = {{American National Election Studies}},
	date-added = {2025-07-06 19:42:39 -0600},
	date-modified = {2025-07-16 21:08:00 -0600},
	howpublished = {Dataset and documentation. Available at: \url{https://www.electionstudies.org}},
	title = {ANES 2016 Time Series Study Full Release},
	year = {2017}}

@misc{anes2020full,
	author = {{American National Election Studies}},
	date-added = {2025-07-06 19:41:19 -0600},
	date-modified = {2025-07-06 20:31:31 -0600},
	howpublished = {Dataset and documentation, February 10, 2022 version},
	title = {ANES 2020 Time Series Study Full Release},
	year = {2021}}

@misc{anes2024prelim,
	author = {{American National Election Studies}},
	date-added = {2025-07-06 19:36:21 -0600},
	date-modified = {2025-07-16 21:01:27 -0600},
	howpublished = {Dataset and documentation, April 30, 2025 version},
	title = {ANES 2024 Time Series Study Preliminary Release},
	year = {2025}}

@article{jenke2021using,
	author = {Jenke, Libby and Bansak, Kirk and Hainmueller, Jens and Hangartner, Dominik},
	date-added = {2025-07-01 22:42:21 -0600},
	date-modified = {2025-07-01 22:42:38 -0600},
	journal = {Political Analysis},
	number = {1},
	pages = {75--101},
	title = {Using Eye-Tracking to Understand Decision-Making in Conjoint Experiments},
	volume = {29},
	year = {2021},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/pan.2020.11}}

@article{jenke2022introduction,
	author = {Jenke, Libby},
	date-added = {2025-07-01 22:40:37 -0600},
	date-modified = {2025-07-01 22:40:53 -0600},
	journal = {Political Analysis},
	number = {S1},
	pages = {S3--S7},
	title = {Introduction to the Special Issue: Innovations and Current Challenges in Experimental Methods},
	volume = {30},
	year = {2022},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/pan.2021.26}}

@article{jenke2022attention,
	author = {Jenke, Libby and Munger, Michael},
	date-added = {2025-07-01 22:32:36 -0600},
	date-modified = {2025-07-01 22:32:44 -0600},
	journal = {Public Choice},
	number = {3},
	pages = {405--416},
	title = {Attention Distribution as a Measure of Issue Salience},
	volume = {191},
	year = {2022}}

@article{teh2013survey,
	author = {Teh, Pin Shen and Teoh, Andrew Beng Jin and Yue, Shigang},
	date-added = {2025-06-29 22:36:01 -0600},
	date-modified = {2025-06-29 22:38:49 -0600},
	journal = {The Scientific World Journal},
	number = {1},
	pages = {1--24},
	title = {A Survey of Keystroke Dynamics Biometrics},
	volume = {2013},
	year = {2013}}

@article{crichton1984mousetrap,
	author = {Crichton, Michael},
	date-added = {2025-06-29 22:08:35 -0600},
	date-modified = {2025-06-29 22:08:55 -0600},
	journal = {Life Magazine},
	number = {1},
	pages = {116--126},
	title = {The Mousetrap: A Tale of Computer Crime},
	volume = {7},
	year = {1984}}

@article{mikkelborg2025white,
	author = {Anna Caroline Mikkelborg},
	date-added = {2025-06-24 09:28:51 -0600},
	date-modified = {2025-06-24 10:31:28 -0600},
	journal = {American Political Science Review},
	pages = {1--19},
	title = {White Democrats' Growing Support for Black Politicians in the Era of the ``Great Awokening''},
	year = {2025}}

@misc{anes2022user,
	author = {ANES},
	date-added = {2025-06-19 12:55:41 -0600},
	date-modified = {2025-06-19 12:57:28 -0600},
	howpublished = {Ann Arbor, MI and Palo Alto, CA: The University of Michigan and Stanford University.},
	lastchecked = {June 19, 2025},
	title = {User's Guide and Codebook for the ANES 2020 Time Series Voter Validation Supplemental Data},
	url = {\url{https://electionstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/anes_timeseries_2020_userguidecodebook_VoterValidation.pdf}},
	year = {2022},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://electionstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/anes_timeseries_2020_userguidecodebook_VoterValidation.pdf}}

@article{laaksonen2006survey,
	author = {Laaksonen, Seppo and Chambers, Ray},
	date-added = {2024-12-07 13:43:50 -0800},
	date-modified = {2024-12-07 13:46:21 -0800},
	journal = {Journal of Official Statistics},
	number = {1},
	pages = {81--95},
	title = {Survey Estimation Under Informative Nonresponse with Follow-Up},
	volume = {22},
	year = {2006}}

@article{manton1991multivariate,
	author = {Manton, Kenneth G and Stallard, Eric and Woodbury, Max A},
	date-added = {2024-12-07 13:36:27 -0800},
	date-modified = {2024-12-07 13:36:27 -0800},
	journal = {Journal of Official Statistics},
	number = {3},
	pages = {261--293},
	title = {A Multivariate Event History Model Based Upon Fuzzy States: Estimation From Longitudinal Surveys with Informative},
	volume = {7},
	year = {1991}}

@article{montagni2019dont,
	author = {Ilaria Montagni AND Tanguy Cariou AND Christophe Tzourio AND Juan-Luis Gonz{\'a}lez-Caballero},
	date-added = {2024-12-07 12:46:42 -0800},
	date-modified = {2024-12-07 12:51:20 -0800},
	journal = {International Journal of Social Research Methodology},
	number = {6},
	pages = {651--667},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	title = {``I Don't Know'', ``I'm Not Sure'', ``I Don't Want to Answer'': A Latent Class Analysis Explaining the Informative Value of Nonresponse Options in an Online Survey on Youth Health},
	volume = {22},
	year = {2019}}

@article{rentsch2019elusive,
	abstract = {Political commentators have offered evidence that the "polling misses" of 2016 were caused by a number of factors. This project focuses on one explanation: that likely-voter models---tools used by preelection pollsters to predict which survey respondents are most likely to make up the electorate and, thus, whose responses should be used to calculate election predictions---were flawed. While models employed by different pollsters vary widely, it is difficult to systematically study them because they are often considered part of pollsters' methodological black box. In this study, we use Cooperative Congressional Election Study surveys since 2008 to build a probabilistic likely-voter model that takes into account not only the stated intentions of respondents to vote, but also other demographic variables that are consistently strong predictors of both turnout and overreporting. This model, which we term the Perry-Gallup and Demographics (PGaD) approach, shows that the bias and error created b},
	author = {Rentsch, Anthony and Schaffner, Brian F and Gross, Justin H},
	date-added = {2024-05-28 09:14:55 -0700},
	date-modified = {2024-05-28 09:15:15 -0700},
	journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
	number = {4},
	pages = {782--804},
	title = {The Elusive Likely Voter: Improving Electoral Predictions with More Informed Vote-Propensity Models},
	volume = {83},
	year = {2019},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;db=bth&amp;AN=142242602&amp;site=ehost-live}}

@article{kim2020who,
	abstract = {Objective: What can machine learning tell us about who voted in 2016? There are numerous competing voter turnout theories, and a large number of covariates are required to assess which theory best explains turnout. This article is a proof of concept that machine learning can help overcome this curse of dimensionality and reveal important insights in studies of political phenomena. Methods: We use fuzzy forests, an extension of random forests, to screen variables for a parsimonious but accurate prediction. Fuzzy forests achieve accurate variable importance measures in the face of high‐dimensional and highly correlated data. The data that we use are from the 2016 Cooperative Congressional Election Study. Results: Fuzzy forests chose only a small number of covariates as major correlates of 2016 turnout and still boasted high predictive performance. Conclusion: Our analysis provides three important conclusions about turnout in 2016: registration and voting procedures were important, polit},
	author = {Kim, Seo‐young Silvia and Alvarez, R. Michael and Ramirez, Christina M.},
	date-added = {2024-05-27 09:41:36 -0700},
	date-modified = {2024-05-27 09:42:02 -0700},
	journal = {Social Science Quarterly},
	number = {2},
	pages = {978 - 988},
	title = {Who Voted in 2016? Using Fuzzy Forests to Understand Voter Turnout},
	volume = {101},
	year = {2020},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;db=eue&amp;AN=142402107&amp;site=ehost-live}}

@article{benoit2019measuring,
	author = {Benoit, Kenneth and Munger, Kevin and Spirling, Arthur},
	date-added = {2024-04-29 11:35:13 -0700},
	date-modified = {2024-04-29 11:35:13 -0700},
	journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
	number = {2},
	pages = {491--508},
	publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
	title = {Measuring and Explaining Political Sophistication Through Textual Complexity},
	volume = {63},
	year = {2019}}

@article{kraft2023women,
	author = {Kraft, Patrick W},
	date-added = {2024-04-29 08:54:10 -0700},
	date-modified = {2024-04-29 08:54:28 -0700},
	journal = {American Political Science Review},
	pages = {1--19},
	title = {Women Also Know Stuff: Challenging the Gender Gap in Political Sophistication},
	year = {2023}}

@book{berinsky2013silent,
	author = {Berinsky, Adam J},
	date-added = {2024-04-11 12:43:41 -0700},
	date-modified = {2024-04-11 12:55:04 -0700},
	publisher = {Princeton University Press},
	title = {Silent Voices: Public Opinion and Political Participation in America},
	year = {2013}}

@article{berinsky2008survey,
	author = {Berinsky, Adam J},
	date-added = {2024-04-11 12:36:32 -0700},
	date-modified = {2024-04-11 12:37:01 -0700},
	journal = {The SAGE Handbook of Public Opinion Research},
	pages = {309--321},
	title = {Survey Non-Response},
	year = {2008}}

@incollection{longford2007missing,
	address = {Berlin},
	author = {Nicholas T. Longford},
	booktitle = {Handbook of Multilevel Analysis},
	date-added = {2024-03-29 11:43:13 -0700},
	date-modified = {2025-10-21 09:47:54 -0700},
	editor = {Jan de Leeuw and Erik Meijer},
	pages = {379--401},
	publisher = {Springer},
	title = {Missing Data},
	year = {2007}}

@incollection{berinksy2011representative,
	abstract = {{This chapter aims to determine whether opinion polls can accurately measure the political preferences of the US population, defining survey non-response and differentiating between unit non-response and item non-response where information is usually missing on certain respondents. Next, it discusses the latest trends in response rates and the causes of non-response on surveys, and also describes the threats posed by non-response on the representativeness of surveys, as well as the different available methods for dealing with non-response.}},
	author = {Berinsky, Adam J.},
	booktitle = {{The Oxford Handbook of American Public Opinion and the Media}},
	date-added = {2024-03-28 09:52:57 -0700},
	date-modified = {2024-03-28 09:59:05 -0700},
	pages = {332--347},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	title = {{Representative Sampling and Survey Non‐Response}},
	year = {2011},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199545636.003.0021}}

@article{karpowitz2012gender,
	author = {Karpowitz, Christopher F and Mendelberg, Tali and Shaker, Lee},
	date-added = {2023-09-11 10:49:51 -0700},
	date-modified = {2023-09-11 10:49:51 -0700},
	journal = {American Political Science Review},
	number = {3},
	pages = {533--547},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	title = {Gender Inequality in Deliberative Participation},
	volume = {106},
	year = {2012}}

@article{jacobi2017justice,
	author = {Jacobi, Tonja and Schweers, Dylan},
	date-added = {2023-09-11 10:30:24 -0700},
	date-modified = {2023-09-11 10:30:24 -0700},
	journal = {Va. L. Review},
	pages = {1379},
	publisher = {HeinOnline},
	title = {Justice, Interrupted: The Effect of Gender, Ideology, and Seniority at Supreme Court Oral Arguments},
	volume = {103},
	year = {2017}}

@article{bisgaard2019getting,
	author = {Bisgaard, Martin},
	date-added = {2023-08-27 12:36:23 -0700},
	date-modified = {2023-08-27 12:36:55 -0700},
	journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
	number = {4},
	pages = {824--839},
	title = {How Getting the Facts Right Can Fuel Partisan-Motivated Reasoning},
	volume = {63},
	year = {2019}}

@article{ziegler2022text,
	author = {Ziegler, Jeffrey},
	date-added = {2023-08-27 12:21:57 -0700},
	date-modified = {2023-08-27 12:22:16 -0700},
	journal = {Political Analysis},
	number = {2},
	pages = {289--297},
	title = {A Text-as-Data Approach for Using Open-Ended Responses as Manipulation Checks},
	volume = {30},
	year = {2022},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/pan.2021.2}}

@article{collins2021does,
	author = {Collins, Jonathan E.},
	date-added = {2023-08-27 12:17:40 -0700},
	date-modified = {2023-08-27 12:18:16 -0700},
	journal = {American Political Science Review},
	number = {3},
	pages = {790--804},
	title = {Does the Meeting Style Matter? The Effects of Exposure to Participatory and Deliberative School Board Meetings},
	volume = {115},
	year = {2021},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055421000320}}

@misc{li2023incentivizing,
	author = {Yimeng Li},
	date-added = {2023-08-27 09:18:44 -0700},
	date-modified = {2025-10-24 08:24:33 -0700},
	howpublished = {Presented at Polmeth 2023, July 6, 2023 at Stanford University.},
	title = {Incentivizing Open-Ended Survey Responses},
	year = {2023}}

@book{gillion2016governing,
	author = {Gillion, Daniel Q},
	date-added = {2023-08-25 09:13:42 -0700},
	date-modified = {2023-08-25 09:13:42 -0700},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	title = {Governing with Words: The Political Dialogue on Race, Public Policy, and Inequality in America},
	year = {2016}}

@misc{mcghee2018blacker,
	author = {Brandon McGhee},
	date-added = {2023-07-30 14:57:01 -0700},
	date-modified = {2023-08-11 16:42:53 -0700},
	howpublished = {Senior Thesis, Department of Politics, Princeton University. Online at \url{http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp010k225d77p}},
	title = {The Blacker the Berry: The Black Church, Linked Fate, Marginalization, and the Electability of Black Candidates},
	year = {2018}}

@article{findley2021external,
	abstract = { External validity captures the extent to which inferences drawn from a given study's sample apply to a broader population or other target populations. Social scientists frequently invoke external validity as an ideal, but they rarely attempt to make rigorous, credible external validity inferences. In recent years, methodologically oriented scholars have advanced a flurry of work on various components of external validity, and this article reviews and systematizes many of those insights. We first clarify the core conceptual dimensions of external validity and introduce a simple formalization that demonstrates why external validity matters so critically. We then organize disparate arguments about how to address external validity by advancing three evaluative criteria: model utility, scope plausibility, and specification credibility. We conclude with a practical aspiration that scholars supplement existing reporting standards to include routine discussion of external validity. It is our hope that these evaluation and reporting standards help rebalance scientific inquiry, such that the current obsession with causal inference is complemented with an equal interest in generalized knowledge. },
	author = {Findley, Michael G. and Kikuta, Kyosuke and Denly, Michael},
	date-added = {2023-07-30 14:56:55 -0700},
	date-modified = {2025-07-06 21:44:07 -0600},
	journal = {Annual Review of Political Science},
	number = {1},
	pages = {365--393},
	title = {External Validity},
	volume = {24},
	year = {2021},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-041719-102556}}

@article{veselovsky2023artificial,
	author = {Veniamin Veselovsky and Manoel Horta Ribeiro and Robert West},
	date-added = {2023-06-21 13:03:08 -0700},
	date-modified = {2023-06-21 13:03:21 -0700},
	title = {Artificial Artificial Artificial Intelligence: Crowd Workers Widely Use Large Language Models for Text Production Tasks},
	year = {2023}}

@article{pennebaker1997writing,
	author = {Pennebaker, James W},
	date-added = {2023-06-21 12:55:57 -0700},
	date-modified = {2023-06-21 12:55:57 -0700},
	journal = {Psychological Science},
	number = {3},
	pages = {162--166},
	publisher = {SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA},
	title = {Writing About Emotional Experiences as a Therapeutic Process},
	volume = {8},
	year = {1997}}

@article{day2014shifting,
	author = {Day, Martin V and Fiske, Susan T and Downing, Emily L and Trail, Thomas E},
	date-added = {2023-06-21 12:44:45 -0700},
	date-modified = {2023-06-21 12:54:16 -0700},
	journal = {Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin},
	number = {12},
	pages = {1559--1573},
	title = {Shifting Liberal and Conservative Attitudes Using Moral Foundations Theory},
	volume = {40},
	year = {2014}}

@article{ramirez2011writing,
	abstract = {Two laboratory and two randomized field experiments tested a psychological intervention designed to improve students' scores on high-stakes exams and to increase our understanding of why pressure-filled exam situations undermine some students' performance. We expected that sitting for an important exam leads to worries about the situation and its consequences that undermine test performance. We tested whether having students write down their thoughts about an upcoming test could improve test performance. The intervention, a brief expressive writing assignment that occurred immediately before taking an important test significantly improved students' exam scores, especially for students habitually anxious about test taking. Simply writing about one's worries before a high-stakes exam can boost test scores.},
	author = {Gerardo Ramirez and Sian L Beilock},
	date-added = {2023-06-21 11:48:29 -0700},
	date-modified = {2023-06-21 11:48:55 -0700},
	journal = {Science},
	number = {6014},
	pages = {211--213},
	title = {Writing About Testing Worries Boosts Exam Performance in the Classroom},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/40986499},
	volume = {331},
	year = {2011},
	bdsk-url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/40986499}}

@book{grimmer2022text,
	author = {Grimmer, Justin and Roberts, Margaret E and Stewart, Brandon M},
	date-added = {2023-06-13 10:25:31 -0700},
	date-modified = {2023-06-13 10:25:31 -0700},
	publisher = {Princeton University Press},
	title = {Text as Data: A New Framework for Machine Learning and the Social Sciences},
	year = {2022}}

@article{gross2015emotion,
	author = {James J. Gross},
	date-added = {2023-04-17 13:34:06 -0700},
	date-modified = {2023-04-17 13:34:06 -0700},
	journal = {Psychological Inquiry},
	number = {1},
	pages = {1-26},
	title = {Emotion Regulation: Current Status and Future Prospects},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2014.940781},
	volume = {26},
	year = {2015},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2014.940781}}

@misc{afrobarometer2014ghana,
	author = {Afrobarometer},
	date-added = {2023-04-13 13:23:54 -0700},
	date-modified = {2024-12-09 15:10:04 -0800},
	title = {Questionairre for Afrobarometer Round 6: The Quality of Democracy and Governance in Ghana},
	year = {2014}}

@misc{enamorado2016anes,
	author = {Enamorado, Ted and Benjamin Fifield and Kosuke Imai},
	date-added = {2023-04-13 12:51:32 -0700},
	date-modified = {2025-10-20 21:54:07 -0700},
	howpublished = {Technical report, Princeton University %Online at \url{https://electionstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/anes_timeseries_2016voteval_userguidecodebook.pdf}.},
	title = {``User's Guide and Codebook for the ANES 2016 Time Series Voter Validation Supplemental Data.''},
	year = {2017}}

@misc{mcghee2023limits,
	author = {Brandon McGhee and Omar Wasow},
	date-added = {2023-04-13 12:23:26 -0700},
	date-modified = {2023-06-17 21:20:04 -0400},
	howpublished = {Presented at Western Political Science Association Annual Conference 2021.},
	title = {The Limits of Linked Fate}}

@misc{afrobarometer2016,
	author = {Afrobarometer},
	date-added = {2023-04-13 12:13:52 -0700},
	date-modified = {2024-12-09 16:33:14 -0800},
	howpublished = {Merged Round 6 data (36 countries)},
	year = {2016}}

@misc{anes2016old,
	author = {{American National Election Studies}},
	date-added = {2023-04-13 12:08:11 -0700},
	date-modified = {2025-07-06 19:42:34 -0600},
	howpublished = {Online at http://www.electionstudies.org. These materials are based on work supported by the National Science Foundation under grant numbers SES 1444721, 2014-2017, the University of Michigan, and Stanford University.},
	year = {2016}}

@article{cavaille2024who,
	author = {Charlotte Cavaill\'e and Daniel L. Chen and Karine Van der Straeten},
	date-added = {2023-04-10 10:35:18 -0700},
	date-modified = {2024-10-12 15:06:38 -0700},
	journal = {Political Science Research and Methods},
	pages = {1--17},
	title = {Who Cares? Measuring Differences in Preference Intensity},
	year = {2024}}

@manual{wilke2022gg,
	author = {Claus O. Wilke},
	date-added = {2023-04-09 21:16:29 -0700},
	date-modified = {2023-08-25 09:14:12 -0700},
	note = {R package version 0.5.4},
	title = {{{ggridges}}: Ridgeline Plots in `ggplot2'},
	url = {https://wilkelab.org/ggridges/},
	year = {2022},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://wilkelab.org/ggridges/}}

@misc{mikkelborg2023do,
	author = {Anna Caroline Mikkelborg},
	date-added = {2023-04-09 17:36:16 -0700},
	date-modified = {2025-06-24 10:34:16 -0600},
	howpublished = {Paper presented at Midwest Political Science Association. Chicago.},
	title = {Do White Democrats (Still) Prefer Coethnic Representation?},
	year = {2023}}

@data{cces2016,
	author = {Ansolabehere, Stephen and Schaffner, Brian},
	date-added = {2023-04-08 10:15:06 -0700},
	date-modified = {2023-04-08 10:15:33 -0700},
	publisher = {Harvard Dataverse},
	title = {{CCES Common Content, 2016}},
	version = {V4},
	year = {2017},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/GDF6Z0}}

@book{schaffner2020acceptance,
	author = {Schaffner, Brian},
	date-added = {2023-04-07 11:53:58 -0700},
	date-modified = {2023-04-08 09:57:04 -0700},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	series = {Elements in American Politics},
	title = {The Acceptance and Expression of Prejudice During the Trump Era},
	year = {2020},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108924153}}

@article{eady2022do,
	author = {Eady, Gregory and Hjorth, Frederik and Dinesen, Peter Thisted},
	date-added = {2023-03-30 08:16:30 -0700},
	date-modified = {2023-03-30 08:17:20 -0700},
	journal = {American Political Science Review},
	pages = {1--7},
	title = {Do Violent Protests Affect Expressions of Party Identity? Evidence From the Capitol Insurrection},
	year = {2022},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055422001058}}

@article{steinert2017spontaneous,
	author = {Steinert-Threlkeld, Zachary C.},
	date-added = {2023-03-30 08:09:20 -0700},
	date-modified = {2023-03-30 08:10:17 -0700},
	journal = {American Political Science Review},
	number = {2},
	pages = {379--403},
	title = {Spontaneous Collective Action: Peripheral Mobilization During the Arab Spring},
	volume = {111},
	year = {2017},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055416000769}}

@inproceedings{takeshi2010earthquake,
	abstract = {Twitter, a popular microblogging service, has received much attention recently. An important characteristic of Twitter is its real-time nature. For example, when an earthquake occurs, people make many Twitter posts (tweets) related to the earthquake, which enables detection of earthquake occurrence promptly, simply by observing the tweets. As described in this paper, we investigate the real-time interaction of events such as earthquakes in Twitter and propose an algorithm to monitor tweets and to detect a target event. To detect a target event, we devise a classifier of tweets based on features such as the keywords in a tweet, the number of words, and their context. Subsequently, we produce a probabilistic spatiotemporal model for the target event that can find the center and the trajectory of the event location. We consider each Twitter user as a sensor and apply Kalman filtering and particle filtering, which are widely used for location estimation in ubiquitous/pervasive computing. The particle filter works better than other comparable methods for estimating the centers of earthquakes and the trajectories of typhoons. As an application, we construct an earthquake reporting system in Japan. Because of the numerous earthquakes and the large number of Twitter users throughout the country, we can detect an earthquake with high probability (96% of earthquakes of Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) seismic intensity scale 3 or more are detected) merely by monitoring tweets. Our system detects earthquakes promptly and sends e-mails to registered users. Notification is delivered much faster than the announcements that are broadcast by the JMA.},
	author = {Sakaki, Takeshi and Okazaki, Makoto and Matsuo, Yutaka},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on World Wide Web},
	date-added = {2023-03-30 07:58:21 -0700},
	date-modified = {2023-03-30 07:58:55 -0700},
	pages = {851--860},
	publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
	title = {Earthquake Shakes Twitter Users: Real-Time Event Detection by Social Sensors},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/1772690.1772777},
	year = {2010},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1145/1772690.1772777}}

@book{wright2017buddhism,
	author = {Wright, Robert},
	date-added = {2023-03-25 18:01:57 -0700},
	date-modified = {2023-03-26 08:28:59 -0700},
	publisher = {Simon and Schuster},
	title = {Why Buddhism Is True: The Science and Philosophy of Meditation and Enlightenment},
	year = {2017}}

@article{wasow2016race,
	author = {Maya Sen and Omar Wasow},
	date-added = {2023-03-14 10:27:04 -0700},
	date-modified = {2023-03-14 10:27:04 -0700},
	journal = {Annual Review of Political Science},
	pages = {499--522},
	title = {Race as a Bundle of Sticks: Designs That Estimate Effects of Seemingly Immutable Characteristics},
	volume = {19},
	year = {2016}}

@article{kuo2017social,
	author = {Kuo, Alexander and Malhotra, Neil and Mo, Cecilia Hyunjung},
	date-added = {2023-03-10 08:16:35 -0800},
	date-modified = {2023-03-10 08:17:08 -0800},
	journal = {The Journal of Politics},
	number = {1},
	pages = {17--32},
	title = {Social Exclusion and Political Identity: The Case of Asian American Partisanship},
	volume = {79},
	year = {2017}}

@book{wilson2004strangers,
	address = {Cambridge, MA},
	author = {Wilson, Timothy D},
	date-added = {2023-02-15 09:50:14 -0800},
	date-modified = {2023-02-15 09:50:42 -0800},
	publisher = {Harvard University Press},
	title = {Strangers to Ourselves},
	year = {2004}}

@incollection{hayes1996new,
	author = {Hayes, John R},
	booktitle = {The Science of Writing: Theories, Methods, Individual Differences and Applications},
	date-added = {2023-02-14 11:16:40 -0800},
	date-modified = {2023-02-14 11:19:33 -0800},
	editor = {C. Michael Levy and Sarah Ransdell},
	pages = {6--44},
	publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates},
	title = {A New Framework for Understanding Cognition and Affect in Writing},
	year = {1996}}

@article{graham2018revised,
	author = {Graham, Steve},
	date-added = {2023-02-14 09:51:24 -0800},
	date-modified = {2023-02-14 09:52:20 -0800},
	journal = {Educational Psychologist},
	number = {4},
	pages = {258--279},
	title = {A Revised Writer(s)-Within-Community Model of Writing},
	volume = {53},
	year = {2018}}

@book{kellogg1999psychology,
	author = {Kellogg, Ronald T},
	date-added = {2023-02-14 09:45:00 -0800},
	date-modified = {2023-02-14 09:45:12 -0800},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	title = {The Psychology of Writing},
	year = {1999}}

@book{vanzanden2014how,
	address = {Paris},
	date-added = {2023-02-14 09:01:17 -0800},
	date-modified = {2025-07-06 21:51:46 -0600},
	editor = {Jan Luiten {van Zanden} and Joerg Baten and Marco {Mira d'Ercole} and Auke Rijpma and Marcel P. Timmer},
	publisher = {OECD Publishing},
	title = {How Was Life?: Global Well-Being Since 1820},
	year = {2014},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/publication/9789264214262-en},
	bdsk-url-2 = {https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264214262-en}}

@book{haidt2012righteous,
	address = {New York},
	author = {Haidt, Jonathan},
	date-added = {2023-02-10 13:37:44 -0800},
	date-modified = {2023-02-10 13:37:44 -0800},
	publisher = {Pantheon Books},
	title = {The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Religion and Politics},
	year = {2012}}

@misc{maloney2021gender,
	author = {Elizabeth Maloney},
	date-added = {2021-11-08 11:49:47 -0800},
	date-modified = {2021-11-08 11:53:37 -0800},
	howpublished = {Online at \url{https://www.economics.uci.edu/files/docs/2021/gradjobmarket/maloney_elizabeth.pdf}},
	month = {October},
	title = {The Gender Wage Gap: A Product of Misogyny and Gender Norms},
	year = {2021}}

@article{valentino2018mobilizing,
	author = {Valentino, Nicholas A and Wayne, Carly and Oceno, Marzia},
	date-added = {2021-11-02 11:19:39 -0700},
	date-modified = {2021-11-02 12:19:25 -0700},
	journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
	number = {S1},
	pages = {799--821},
	title = {Mobilizing Sexism: The Interaction of Emotion and Gender Attitudes in the 2016 US Presidential Election},
	volume = {82},
	year = {2018}}

@inproceedings{schaffner2016explaining,
	author = {Schaffner, Brian and MacWilliams, Matthew and Nteta, Tatishe},
	booktitle = {Conference on the US Elections Of},
	date-added = {2021-11-02 09:18:17 -0700},
	date-modified = {2023-04-08 09:56:59 -0700},
	pages = {8--9},
	title = {Explaining White Polarization in the 2016 Vote for President: The Sobering Role of Racism and Sexism},
	year = {2016}}

@article{lowande2020bureaucratic,
	author = {Lowande, Kenneth and Proctor, Andrew},
	date-added = {2021-10-30 14:32:13 -0700},
	date-modified = {2021-10-30 14:32:13 -0700},
	journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
	number = {3},
	pages = {664--681},
	publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
	title = {Bureaucratic Responsiveness to LGBT Americans},
	volume = {64},
	year = {2020}}

@article{butler2011politicians,
	author = {Butler, Daniel M and Broockman, David E},
	date-added = {2021-10-30 13:49:05 -0700},
	date-modified = {2021-10-30 13:49:05 -0700},
	journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
	number = {3},
	pages = {463--477},
	publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
	title = {Do Politicians Racially Discriminate Against Constituents? A Field Experiment on State Legislators},
	volume = {55},
	year = {2011}}

@article{tenkleij2003text,
	abstract = {The present study illustrates the use of computer-aided text analysis to evaluate the content of open-ended survey responses. During an in-hall test, different varieties of mayonnaise were evaluated by 165 respondents on a 10-point liking scale, with the option to freely comment on these assessments. An expert panel assessed the main sensory characteristics of the mayonnaises. Usually, preference mapping is applied to find out which sensory attributes drive consumer preferences for products. As an alternative, we will use the consumer statements to investigate this relationship. By counting words and looking at word combinations, we will use correspondence analysis to construct a visualization that is comparable to a preference map. Results from the analyses of the verbal responses are compared with the results from preference mapping. The agreement between the correspondence map and the preference map is striking, with the additional advantage being that the correspondence map is stated in terms of consumer language. The textual map is also in line with consumer understanding about creaminess. It appears that respondents find it easier to comment on their dislikes than on their likes. Some advantages and disadvantages of analyzing open-ended survey responses are also addressed.},
	author = {Frederieke {ten Kleij} and Pieter A.D Musters},
	date-added = {2021-10-30 13:23:36 -0700},
	date-modified = {2021-10-30 13:23:58 -0700},
	journal = {Food Quality and Preference},
	number = {1},
	pages = {43-52},
	title = {Text Analysis of Open-Ended Survey Responses: A Complementary Method to Preference Mapping},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2003},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950329302000113},
	bdsk-url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0950-3293(02)00011-3}}

@article{panteli2002richness,
	abstract = {The paper presents a study that assesses the level of richness in electronic-mediated communication by taking into account its text-based attributes. Though a key feature of email, only limited research has focused on the text-based attributes of email messages. The underlying assumption is that there is an organisational context that intertwines with email message texts. The study explores the extent to which these attributes differ among senders at different organisational layers. Using textual and deconstruction analysis, it analysed a series of email messages distributed within two academic departments over a period of several months, and found that email, as a communication medium, signals rather than alleviates hierarchical differences. Therefore, even though email is often presented as a lean medium, the way text-based messages are constructed may convey the social cues that are traditionally used to determine status differences in organisations. The study argues that email is a richer communication medium than is reflected in the scale of information richness theory.},
	author = {Niki Panteli},
	date-added = {2021-10-30 13:16:11 -0700},
	date-modified = {2021-10-30 13:17:09 -0700},
	journal = {Information \& Management},
	number = {2},
	pages = {75-86},
	title = {Richness, Power Cues and Email Text},
	volume = {40},
	year = {2002},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378720601001367},
	bdsk-url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7206(01)00136-7}}

@misc{danescuniculescumizil2013computational,
	archiveprefix = {%arXiv},
	author = {Cristian Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil and Moritz Sudhof and Dan Jurafsky and Jure Leskovec and Christopher Potts},
	date-added = {2021-10-30 13:13:24 -0700},
	date-modified = {2025-07-06 21:37:31 -0600},
	eprint = {%1306.6078},
	primaryclass = {%cs.CL},
	title = {A Computational Approach to Politeness with Application to Social Factors},
	year = {2013}}

@article{zhang2018conversations,
	author = {Zhang, Justine and Chang, Jonathan P and Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil, Cristian and Dixon, Lucas and Hua, Yiqing and Thain, Nithum and Taraborelli, Dario},
	date-added = {2021-10-30 13:10:31 -0700},
	date-modified = {2021-10-30 13:10:31 -0700},
	journal = {arXiv Preprint arXiv:1805.05345},
	title = {Conversations Gone Awry: Detecting Early Signs of Conversational Failure},
	year = {2018}}

@article{yan2023silenced,
	author = {Alan N. Yan and Rachel Bernhard},
	date-added = {2021-10-30 10:53:30 -0700},
	date-modified = {2023-04-18 09:22:54 -0700},
	journal = {American Political Science Review},
	title = {The Silenced Text: Field Experiments on Gendered Experiences of Political Participation},
	year = {2023}}

@article{alsaedi2017can,
	abstract = {In recent years, there has been increased interest in real-world event detection using
publicly accessible data made available through Internet technology such as Twitter,
Facebook, and YouTube. In these highly interactive systems, the general public are
able to post real-time reactions to ``real world'' events, thereby acting as social
sensors of terrestrial activity. Automatically detecting and categorizing events,
particularly small-scale incidents, using streamed data is a non-trivial task but
would be of high value to public safety organisations such as local police, who need
to respond accordingly. To address this challenge, we present an end-to-end integrated
event detection framework that comprises five main components: data collection, pre-processing,
classification, online clustering, and summarization. The integration between classification
and clustering enables events to be detected, as well as related smaller-scale ``disruptive
events,'' smaller incidents that threaten social safety and security or could disrupt
social order. We present an evaluation of the effectiveness of detecting events using
a variety of features derived from Twitter posts, namely temporal, spatial, and textual
content. We evaluate our framework on a large-scale, real-world dataset from Twitter.
Furthermore, we apply our event detection system to a large corpus of tweets posted
during the August 2011 riots in England. We use ground-truth data based on intelligence
gathered by the London Metropolitan Police Service, which provides a record of actual
terrestrial events and incidents during the riots, and show that our system can perform
as well as terrestrial sources, and even better in some cases.},
	author = {Alsaedi, Nasser and Burnap, Pete and Rana, Omer},
	date-added = {2021-10-30 10:45:05 -0700},
	date-modified = {2025-07-06 21:43:28 -0600},
	journal = {ACM Trans. Internet Technol},
	number = {2},
	title = {Can We Predict a Riot? Disruptive Event Detection Using Twitter},
	volume = {17},
	year = {2017},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2996183}}

@article{bollen2011twitter,
	abstract = {Behavioral economics tells us that emotions can profoundly affect individual behavior and decision-making. Does this also apply to societies at large, i.e. can societies experience mood states that affect their collective decision making? By extension is the public mood correlated or even predictive of economic indicators? Here we investigate whether measurements of collective mood states derived from large-scale Twitter feeds are correlated to the value of the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) over time. We analyze the text content of daily Twitter feeds by two mood tracking tools, namely OpinionFinder that measures positive vs. negative mood and Google-Profile of Mood States (GPOMS) that measures mood in terms of 6 dimensions (Calm, Alert, Sure, Vital, Kind, and Happy). We cross-validate the resulting mood time series by comparing their ability to detect the public's response to the presidential election and Thanksgiving day in 2008. A Granger causality analysis and a Self-Organizing Fuzzy Neural Network are then used to investigate the hypothesis that public mood states, as measured by the OpinionFinder and GPOMS mood time series, are predictive of changes in DJIA closing values. Our results indicate that the accuracy of DJIA predictions can be significantly improved by the inclusion of specific public mood dimensions but not others. We find an accuracy of 86.7% in predicting the daily up and down changes in the closing values of the DJIA and a reduction of the Mean Average Percentage Error (MAPE) by more than 6%.},
	author = {Johan Bollen and Huina Mao and Xiaojun Zeng},
	date-added = {2021-10-30 10:43:52 -0700},
	date-modified = {2021-10-30 13:44:10 -0400},
	issn = {1877-7503},
	journal = {Journal of Computational Science},
	number = {1},
	pages = {1-8},
	title = {Twitter Mood Predicts the Stock Market},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187775031100007X},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2011},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187775031100007X},
	bdsk-url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocs.2010.12.007}}

@misc{wasow2010can,
	author = {Wasow, Omar and Alex Baron and Marlon Gerra and Katherine Lauderdale and Han Zhang},
	date-added = {2021-10-30 10:07:02 -0700},
	date-modified = {2025-10-20 09:58:55 -0700},
	howpublished = {Presented at the workshop on Microblogging at the Conference on Human Computer Interaction (CHI), April 11 2010. Online at \url{https://ssrn.com/abstract=5628071}},
	title = {Can Tweets Kill a Movie? An Empirical Evaluation of the Bruno Effect''},
	year = {2010}}

@article{denscombe2008length,
	abstract = { The existence of a mode effect is assessed using data from two matched groups of 15- to 16-year-olds (n = 466) who completed a questionnaire either as a Web-based online version or an ``optical mark recognition'' paper version. This article focuses specifically on the length of answers to four open-ended questions included in the questionnaire. It was found that although the online answers to three of the four questions tended to be slightly longer than those from the paper version, the differences were not statistically significant. Other factors, specifically gender and educational aspirations, appeared to have much more influence on the length of answers to open-ended questions than the mode of delivery per se. The findings do not provide conclusive evidence of any mode effect with respect to the online delivery of questionnaires. },
	author = {Martyn Denscombe},
	date-added = {2021-10-30 09:36:04 -0700},
	date-modified = {2025-07-16 21:01:58 -0600},
	journal = {Social Science Computer Review},
	number = {3},
	pages = {359-368},
	title = {The Length of Responses to Open-Ended Questions: A Comparison of Online and Paper Questionnaires in Terms of a Mode Effect},
	volume = {26},
	year = {2008},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439307309671}}

@inbook{mosleh2021corrected,
	abstract = {A prominent approach to combating online misinformation is to debunk false content.
Here we investigate downstream consequences of social corrections on users' subsequent
sharing of other content. Being corrected might make users more attentive to accuracy,
thus improving their subsequent sharing. Alternatively, corrections might not improve
subsequent sharing - or even backfire - by making users feel defensive, or by shifting
their attention away from accuracy (e.g., towards various social factors). We identified
N=2,000 users who shared false political news on Twitter, and replied to their false
tweets with links to fact-checking websites. We find causal evidence that being corrected
decreases the quality, and increases the partisan slant and language toxicity, of
the users' subsequent retweets (but has no significant effect on primary tweets).
This suggests that being publicly corrected by another user shifts one's attention
away from accuracy - presenting an important challenge for social correction approaches.},
	author = {Mosleh, Mohsen and Martel, Cameron and Eckles, Dean and Rand, David},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},
	date-added = {2021-10-30 09:19:10 -0700},
	date-modified = {2025-07-06 21:50:30 -0600},
	publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
	title = {Perverse Downstream Consequences of Debunking: Being Corrected by Another User for Posting False Political News Increases Subsequent Sharing of Low Quality, Partisan, and Toxic Content in a Twitter Field Experiment},
	year = {2021},
	bdsk-file-1 = {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},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445642}}

@article{munger2017tweetment,
	author = {Munger, Kevin},
	date-added = {2021-10-30 09:13:01 -0700},
	date-modified = {2021-10-30 09:13:01 -0700},
	journal = {Political Behavior},
	number = {3},
	pages = {629--649},
	publisher = {Springer},
	title = {Tweetment Effects on the Tweeted: Experimentally Reducing Racist Harassment},
	volume = {39},
	year = {2017}}

@article{mcdermott2002experimental,
	abstract = {Experiments offer a useful methodological tool to examine issues of importance to political scientists. The historical and cultural differences between experiments in behavioral economics and social psychology are discussed. Issues of central concern to experimentalists are covered, including impact versus control, mundane versus experimental realism, internal versus external validity, deception, and laboratory versus field experiments. Advantages and disadvantages of experimentation are summarized.},
	author = {Rose McDermott},
	date-added = {2020-12-25 17:42:44 -0800},
	date-modified = {2025-07-16 21:04:24 -0600},
	journal = {Political Analysis},
	number = {4},
	pages = {325--342},
	title = {Experimental Methodology in Political Science},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2002},
	bdsk-url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/25791696}}

@article{winking2013natural,
	author = {Winking, Jeffrey and Mizer, Nicholas},
	date-added = {2020-12-25 15:48:26 -0800},
	date-modified = {2020-12-25 15:48:26 -0800},
	journal = {Evolution and Human Behavior},
	number = {4},
	pages = {288--293},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	title = {Natural-Field Dictator Game Shows No Altruistic Giving},
	volume = {34},
	year = {2013}}

@book{campbell1963experimental,
	author = {Campbell, Donald T and Stanley, Julian C},
	date-added = {2020-12-25 14:51:44 -0800},
	date-modified = {2020-12-25 15:27:00 -0800},
	publisher = {Houghton Mifflin Company},
	title = {Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research},
	year = {1963}}

@article{holland2009influence,
	abstract = { Web surveys offer new opportunities for achieving high-quality responses to open-ended questions because the interactive nature of the web allows questions to be tailored to individual respondents. This article explores how respondents' level of interest in the topic of the question can influence whether they provide a response and the quality of their answers. In addition, we examine whether an interactive follow-up probe, asked after people submit their initial response to the open-ended question, can improve the quality of responses. We find that respondents' interest in the question topic significantly affects the responses to open-ended questions, and interactively probing responses to open-ended questions in web surveys can improve the quality of responses for some respondents, particularly for those very interested in the question topic. Nonresponse remains a significant problem for open-ended questions; we found high item nonresponse rates for the initial question and even higher nonresponse to the probe, especially for those less interested in the topic of the question. Consequently, interactive probing should only be used for a few key open-ended questions within a survey where high-quality responses are essential and may be more effective for respondents who are already motivated to provide a response. },
	author = {Jennifer L. Holland and Leah Melani Christian},
	date-added = {2020-10-24 18:09:08 -0700},
	date-modified = {2020-10-24 18:09:47 -0700},
	journal = {Social Science Computer Review},
	number = {2},
	pages = {196--212},
	title = {The Influence of Topic Interest and Interactive Probing on Responses to Open-Ended Questions in Web Surveys},
	volume = {27},
	year = {2009},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439308327481}}

@article{voigt2017language,
	author = {Voigt, Rob and Camp, Nicholas P and Prabhakaran, Vinodkumar and Hamilton, William L and Hetey, Rebecca C and Griffiths, Camilla M and Jurgens, David and Jurafsky, Dan and Eberhardt, Jennifer L},
	date-added = {2020-10-24 18:01:05 -0700},
	date-modified = {2020-10-24 18:01:17 -0700},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	number = {25},
	pages = {6521--6526},
	title = {Language From Police Body Camera Footage Shows Racial Disparities in Officer Respect},
	volume = {114},
	year = {2017}}

@article{stephens2014cost,
	author = {Stephens-Davidowitz, Seth},
	date-added = {2020-10-24 16:06:29 -0700},
	date-modified = {2020-10-24 16:06:41 -0700},
	journal = {Journal of Public Economics},
	pages = {26--40},
	title = {The Cost of Racial Animus on a Black Candidate: Evidence Using Google Search Data},
	volume = {118},
	year = {2014}}

@inproceedings{tumasjan2010predicting,
	author = {Tumasjan, Andranik and Sprenger, Timm O and Sandner, Philipp G and Welpe, Isabell M},
	booktitle = {Fourth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media},
	date-added = {2020-10-24 13:58:46 -0700},
	date-modified = {2020-10-24 13:58:46 -0700},
	organization = {Citeseer},
	title = {Predicting Elections with Twitter: What 140 Characters Reveal About Political Sentiment},
	year = {2010}}

@article{pennebaker2001linguistic,
	author = {Pennebaker, James W and Francis, Martha E and Booth, Roger J},
	date-added = {2020-10-24 13:48:07 -0700},
	date-modified = {2025-10-21 09:53:37 -0700},
	journal = {Mahway: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates},
	title = {Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count: LIWC 2001},
	volume = {71},
	year = {2001}}

@article{taboada2011lexicon,
	author = {Taboada, Maite and Brooke, Julian and Tofiloski, Milan and Voll, Kimberly and Stede, Manfred},
	date-added = {2020-10-24 13:45:26 -0700},
	date-modified = {2020-10-24 13:45:26 -0700},
	journal = {Computational Linguistics},
	number = {2},
	pages = {267--307},
	publisher = {MIT Press},
	title = {Lexicon-Based Methods for Sentiment Analysis},
	volume = {37},
	year = {2011}}

@article{mossholder1995measuring,
	author = {Mossholder, Kevin W and Settoon, Randall P and Harris, Stanley G and Armenakis, Achilles A},
	date-added = {2020-10-24 13:35:08 -0700},
	date-modified = {2020-10-24 13:35:39 -0700},
	journal = {Journal of Management},
	number = {2},
	pages = {335--355},
	title = {Measuring Emotion in Open-Ended Survey Responses: An Application of Textual Data Analysis},
	volume = {21},
	year = {1995}}

@article{kramer2014experimental,
	author = {Kramer, Adam DI and Guillory, Jamie E and Hancock, Jeffrey T},
	date-added = {2020-10-24 13:32:18 -0700},
	date-modified = {2020-10-24 13:33:04 -0700},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	number = {24},
	pages = {8788--8790},
	title = {Experimental Evidence of Massive-Scale Emotional Contagion Through Social Networks},
	volume = {111},
	year = {2014}}

@misc{bjork1993human,
	author = {Bj\"ork},
	date-added = {2020-10-24 11:39:41 -0700},
	date-modified = {2020-10-24 11:50:18 -0700},
	howpublished = {Track 1 on \textit{Debut}, Elektra, compact disc.},
	title = {Human Behavior},
	year = {1993}}

@article{aronson1968experimentation,
	author = {Aronson, Elliot and Carlsmith, J Merrill},
	date-added = {2020-07-13 14:34:35 -0700},
	date-modified = {2020-07-13 14:34:35 -0700},
	journal = {The Handbook of Social Psychology},
	number = {2},
	pages = {1--79},
	title = {Experimentation in Social Psychology},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1968}}

@article{mummolo2019demand,
	author = {Mummolo, Jonathan and Peterson, Erik},
	date-added = {2019-11-24 13:56:16 -0800},
	date-modified = {2019-11-24 13:56:16 -0800},
	journal = {American Political Science Review},
	number = {2},
	pages = {517--529},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	title = {Demand Effects in Survey Experiments: An Empirical Assessment},
	volume = {113},
	year = {2019}}

@webpage{thompson2010clive-old,
	author = {Thompson, Clive},
	date-added = {2019-09-24 12:28:32 -0700},
	date-modified = {2025-09-28 16:49:36 -0700},
	journal = {Wired},
	number = {8},
	publisher = {Wired},
	title = {Clive Thompson: The Phone Call Is Dead},
	url = {\url{https://www.wired.com/2010/07/st-thompson-deadphone/}},
	volume = {18},
	year = {2010},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://www.wired.com/2010/07/st-thompson-deadphone/}}

@book{matthews2003linguistics,
	author = {Matthews, Peter Hugoe},
	date-added = {2019-09-24 12:10:15 -0700},
	date-modified = {2019-09-24 12:11:32 -0700},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	title = {Linguistics: A Very Short Introduction},
	year = {2003}}

@incollection{mueller2004ella,
	author = {Mueller, Carol},
	booktitle = {The Black Studies Reader},
	date-added = {2019-09-03 22:39:12 -0700},
	date-modified = {2019-09-03 22:39:35 -0700},
	pages = {91--102},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	title = {Ella Baker and the Origins of ``Participatory Democracy''},
	year = {2004}}

@book{cantarow1980moving,
	author = {Cantarow, Ellen and O'Malley, Susan Gushee and Strom, Sharon Hartman},
	date-added = {2019-09-03 22:35:36 -0700},
	date-modified = {2019-09-03 22:35:36 -0700},
	publisher = {Feminist Press at CUNY},
	title = {Moving the Mountain: Women Working for Social Change},
	year = {1980}}

@article{lorde2003master,
	author = {Lorde, Audre},
	date-added = {2019-09-03 18:02:20 -0700},
	date-modified = {2019-09-03 18:02:20 -0700},
	journal = {Feminist Postcolonial Theory: A Reader},
	pages = {27},
	publisher = {Routledge New York},
	title = {The Master's Tools Will Never Dismantle the Master's House},
	volume = {25},
	year = {2003}}

@article{rude2004language,
	author = {Rude, Stephanie and Gortner, Eva-Maria and Pennebaker, James},
	date-added = {2019-07-01 11:51:58 -0700},
	date-modified = {2019-07-01 11:52:32 -0700},
	journal = {Cognition \& Emotion},
	number = {8},
	pages = {1121--1133},
	title = {Language Use of Depressed and Depression-Vulnerable College Students},
	volume = {18},
	year = {2004}}

@article{roberts2016model,
	author = {Margaret E. Roberts and Brandon M. Stewart and Edoardo M. Airoldi},
	date-added = {2019-06-29 14:53:22 -0700},
	date-modified = {2019-06-29 14:55:32 -0700},
	journal = {Journal of the American Statistical Association},
	number = {515},
	pages = {988-1003},
	title = {A Model of Text for Experimentation in the Social Sciences},
	volume = {111},
	year = {2016},
	bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.2016.1141684}}

@article{roberts2014structural,
	author = {Roberts, Margaret E and Stewart, Brandon M and Tingley, Dustin and Lucas, Christopher and Leder-Luis, Jetson and Gadarian, Shana Kushner and Albertson, Bethany and Rand, David G},
	date-added = {2019-06-29 14:37:58 -0700},
	date-modified = {2019-06-29 14:37:58 -0700},
	journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
	number = {4},
	pages = {1064--1082},
	publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
	title = {Structural Topic Models for Open-Ended Survey Responses},
	volume = {58},
	year = {2014}}

@article{grimmer2013text,
	abstract = {Politics and political conflict often occur in the written and spoken word. Scholars have long recognized this, but the massive costs of analyzing even moderately sized collections of texts have hindered their use in political science research. Here lies the promise of automated text analysis: it substantially reduces the costs of analyzing large collections of text. We provide a guide to this exciting new area of research and show how, in many instances, the methods have already obtained part of their promise. But there are pitfalls to using automated methods---they are no substitute for careful thought and close reading and require extensive and problem-specific validation. We survey a wide range of new methods, provide guidance on how to validate the output of the models, and clarify misconceptions and errors in the literature. To conclude, we argue that for automated text methods to become a standard tool for political scientists, methodologists must contribute new methods and new methods of validation.},
	author = {Grimmer, Justin and Stewart, Brandon M.},
	date-added = {2019-06-29 14:34:10 -0700},
	date-modified = {2019-06-29 14:34:10 -0700},
	doi = {10.1093/pan/mps028},
	eprint = {http://pan.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/01/21/pan.mps028.full.pdf+html},
	journal = {Political Analysis},
	number = {3},
	pages = {267--297},
	title = {Text as Data: The Promise and Pitfalls of Automatic Content Analysis Methods for Political Texts},
	url = {http://pan.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/01/21/pan.mps028.abstract},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2013},
	bdsk-url-1 = {http://pan.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/01/21/pan.mps028.abstract},
	bdsk-url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pan/mps028}}

@misc{steinem1976,
	author = {Gloria Steinem},
	date-added = {2019-06-29 14:21:03 -0700},
	date-modified = {2023-06-17 21:24:33 -0400},
	journal = {Idaho State Journal},
	pages = {C-8, Column 3},
	title = {{As Quoted in Pocatellan Captures Flavor of Stanley Basin's History by Joan LaLiberte}},
	volume = {Nov 19},
	year = {1976}}

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